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The basic situation
Internal combustion engine, is a power machinery, it is through the combustion of the fuel inside the machine, and its direct conversion of thermal energy released as the driving force of the heat engine.
Broad sense includes not only reciprocating piston internal combustion engine, rotary piston engine and the free piston engine, including rotary impeller-type gas turbines, jet engines, but the internal combustion engine is known as internal combustion engines.
Complex  piston engine piston past the most common. Reciprocating internal combustion engines to fuel and air mixture in the cylinder combustion, releasing heat can produce high temperature and pressure inside the cylinder of gas. Promote the expansion of gas for power piston, and through the connecting rod or other institutions to mechanical power output, driving the driven mechanical work.
Common are diesel and gasoline, by the internal energy into mechanical energy, by acting to change the internal energy.
Internal combustion engine - History
Mid-19th century, scientists have perfected through the combustion gas, gasoline and diesel produced by the theory of heat into mechanical power. This laid the foundation for the invention of combustion engine. Reciprocating internal combustion engines since the 60's since the advent of the 19th century, through continuous improvement and development, has a more perfect machinery. Its high thermal efficiency, power and speed range, supporting easy mobility, so access to a wide range of applications. The world all types of cars, tractors, agricultural machinery, construction machinery, mini mobile power stations and tanks are all powered by internal combustion engines. Sea vessels, inland vessels and conventional ships, and also by the internal combustion engine in some small planes to advance. The holdings of the world's internal combustion engine powered machinery in the first place, it is human activity plays a very important position.
Reciprocating internal combustion engines to obtain gunpowder explosion originated in the use of power, but difficult to control the combustion of gunpowder not been successful. 1794, the British Streeter made to obtain from the fuel burning power, and for the first time introduced the concept of fuel and air mixture. In 1833, the British proposed the direct use of Wright combustion pressure for work to promote the design of the piston.
After it has raised a variety of engine options, but before the middle of the nineteenth century were not put to the practical. Until 1860, the French Lenoir mimic the structure of the steam engine, designed and manufactured the first practical gas machine. This is an uncompressed, electric ignition, internal combustion engines using gas lighting. Lenoir first internal combustion engine piston rings used in the stretch. This sets the thermal efficiency of gas unit is about 4%.
Barnett has been promoted to the UK fuel mixture is compressed before ignition, and later was written about the combustible mixture is compressed on the important role, and pointed out that the compression can greatly improve the efficiency of internal combustion engines Lenoir. In 1862, French scientists Rosa on the internal combustion engine after the theoretical analysis of thermodynamic process, the requirements proposed to increase the efficiency of internal combustion engines, and this is the work of the first four-stroke cycle.
In 1876, German inventor Otto (Otto) Rosa used the principles successfully created the first piston, cylinder, horizontal, 3.2 kW (4.4 hp) four-stroke internal combustion engine, still gas as fuel, the use of flame ignition, speed of 156.7 r / min, compression ratio 2.66, 14% thermal efficiency, smooth operation. At the time, whether it is power or thermal efficiency, which are the highest.
Otto internal combustion engine to obtain promotion, performance is also improving. 1880 stand-alone power of 11 to 15 kW (15 to 20 hp), to 1893 and increased to 150 kilowatts. Increase the compression ratio, thermal efficiency also will be increased, thermal efficiency in 1886 was 15.5%, 1897 has been as high as 20 ~ 26%. In 1881, British engineer successfully developed the first Clark gas two-stroke machines, and on display at the Paris Exposition.
With the development of oil, gas easy to transport than gasoline and diesel fuel carried attracted attention, first obtain a trial that is easy to volatile gasoline. In 1883, Germany's Daimler (Daimler) created the first successful vertical engine, which is characterized by light and high speed. At that time the speed of other internal combustion engines does not exceed 200 rpm / min, it jumped to 800 r / min, in particular, to adapt to the requirements of traffic moving transport machinery. 1885 ~ 1886, the gasoline engine to run successfully as a vehicle power, which greatly promoted the development of the car. Meanwhile, the car has promoted the development of gasoline to improve and enhance. Soon they used a gasoline powered boat.
In 1892, German engineer Diesel (Diesel), inspired by the mill dust explosion, it is envisaged will breathe highly compressed air cylinder, its temperature exceeds the fuel ignition temperature, and then blown into the cylinder high-pressure air to fuel to make fire combustion. He's first compression-ignition internal combustion engine (diesel engine) developed in 1897 for the internal combustion engine to open up new avenues of development.
Diesel started trying to make internal combustion engines to achieve Carnot cycle, in order to obtain the highest thermal efficiency, but in fact do is to approximate the constant pressure combustion, the thermal efficiency of 26%. The advent of compression-ignition internal combustion engine, causing the world's great interest in machinery industry, compression-ignition internal combustion engines are also named as the inventor of the Diesel engine.
Most of this internal combustion engine with diesel fuel after, also called diesel engines. In 1898, the first for the stationary diesel generator sets, as merchant power in 1903, 1904, installed in ships, to 1913, the first diesel-powered locomotive made around 1920 for automotive and agricultural machinery .
Reciprocating internal combustion engines as early as the birth of the past, people had committed to creating a rotary piston internal combustion engine, but to no success. Until 1954, the Federal German engineer Wankel (Wankel) to solve the sealing problem, the only developed in 1957, Rotary piston engine, known as the Wankel engine. It has a similar triangular rotary piston, in the specific surface of the cylinder rotates, according to Otto-cycle work. This engine power, compact, vibration, smooth operation, simple structure, easy maintenance, but because of its poor fuel economy, low-speed torque, exhaust performance is not ideal, so it is only in certain models of cars have been used.
Internal combustion engine - Composition
Reciprocating internal combustion engines are an integral part of the connecting rod, the body and cylinder head, valve train, fuel system, lubrication system, cooling system, starting devices.
Cylinder is a cylinder-shaped metal parts. Sealed cylinder is to achieve duty cycle to produce power source. Each equipped with a cylinder liner installed in the body where it closed the top with the cylinder head. Piston reciprocating in the cylinder kit and cylinder from the cylinder closed bottom, thus forming a sealed volume of space for the law change. Combustion of fuel in this space, the resulting gas powered piston. After the reciprocating motion of the piston rod to promote the crankshaft rotates, the crankshaft flywheel end and from the power output. Group by the piston, connecting rod group, consisting of the crankshaft and flywheel crank is a major part of the internal combustion engine power transmission.
Piston set by the piston, piston rings, piston pin and other components. Pistons were cylindrical, fitted with piston rings, piston to reciprocate in a closed cylinder. A few, as the above air piston ring used to seal the cylinder to prevent leakage of gas inside the cylinder, the following ring called the oil ring, cylinder walls used to scrape excess oil and prevent oil fleeing cylinder. Cylindrical cylindrical piston pin, which penetrates the piston and connecting rod pin hole on the small head, the piston and rod linking. Connecting rod side and divided up by the connecting rod bolt, which is connected with the crankshaft of the crank pin. Link work, the connecting rod head-end for reciprocating movement with the piston, connecting rod end with the crank pin rotates around the axis of the crankshaft, connecting rod between the size of the first swing shaft for the complex movement.
The role of the crankshaft is to convert the reciprocating motion of the piston to rotary motion, and the work done by expansion stroke, by installing the flywheel on the crankshaft back to pass out. Flywheel to store energy, so that the piston stroke to the other work, and make the crankshaft rotate evenly. To balance the inertia force and to reduce engine vibration on the crankshaft of the crank device is also appropriate balance between quality.
Internal combustion engine - How it Works
Cylinder head has inlet and exhaust, the packed, the exhaust valve. The amount of fresh charge (ie, air or combustible mixture of air and fuel gas) through the air filter, intake manifold, the inlet and the intake valve into the cylinder charge. Gas after expansion by the exhaust valve, exhaust and exhaust pipes, and finally discharged into the atmosphere by the exhaust muffler. Intake and exhaust doors open and closed by the camshaft on the intake and exhaust cams, through tappet, push rod, rocker arm and valve springs and other transmission parts to be controlled separately, this set of parts called the Engine Valve institutions. Usually by air filter, intake manifold, exhaust pipe and exhaust muffler components into the exhaust system.
In order for the cylinder into the fuel supply system are equipped with internal combustion engines. Gasoline engine installed in the intake manifold through the carburetor inlet air with gasoline at a certain ratio (AFR) mixed, and then into the cylinder through the intake pipe for by the gasoline engine's spark ignition system control regular fire. Diesel fuel diesel engine fuel injection system through the spray into the combustion chamber, high pressure and temperature self-ignition combustion.
Fuel combustion in the cylinder internal combustion engine piston, cylinder liner, cylinder head and valve and other parts of heating, the temperature increased. In order to ensure the normal operation of internal combustion engines, these parts must work under the temperature of the license, will not be damaged by overheating, it must have a cooling system.
Internal combustion engine can not stop the state from running into their own state, the crankshaft must rotate by external forces, so start. This produces a device known as the external starting device. Commonly used electric starter, air starter, gasoline, etc. Starting and human start.
Work cycle by the internal combustion engine intake, compression, combustion and expansion, exhaust and other process components. The expansion process is the only process to do work outside the process, other processes are for the better realize the need for power during the process. Work cycle by implementing a number of trips, work can be divided into four-stroke cycle and two-stroke categories.
Four-stroke is the intake, compression, expansion and exhaust to complete a four stroke working cycle, rotate the crankshaft two turns here. When the intake stroke, when the intake valve open, exhaust valve closed. The air flow through the air filter, or mixed with gasoline carburetor combustible mixture formed by the inlet pipe, the intake valve into the cylinder; compression stroke, the cylinder of gas is compressed, the pressure increased, the temperature rise; expansion only in the compression stroke before the fuel injection or ignition point, the mixture combustion, high temperature, high pressure, push the piston down and do work; the exhaust stroke, the piston pushing the gas cylinder by the exhaust valve. This then started by the intake stroke, the next cycle of work.
Two-stroke is completed within a two stroke working cycle, the crankshaft revolution of this period. First, when the piston in the next stop point, the intake and exhaust ports are open, the fresh charge increased from the inlet charge into the cylinder, and remove the cylinder of gas, so that from the exhaust discharge; then the piston up, the intake and exhaust ports are closed, the cylinder charge volume began to be compressed until the piston near top dead center when the ignition or fuel injection, so that combustible mixture within the combustion cylinder; and expansion of gas inside the cylinder, push the piston down for the work; when the piston opens the exhaust port under the exercise of , that the resulting exhaust gas piston to continue down to the next stop point, the completion of a cycle of work.
The process of internal combustion engine exhaust and intake processes collectively known as the ventilation process. The main role of ventilation as much as possible to rule out the exhaust on a cycle clean, so that the cycle for the fresh charge into the volume as much as possible to make as many complete combustion of fuel in the cylinder, thus sending more power. Ventilation process directly affects the performance of internal combustion engines. This addition to reducing the intake and exhaust system flow resistance, the main is to make the inlet and outlet gates in the most appropriate time to open and close.
In fact, the intake valve before TDC in the open, to ensure that the intake valve when the piston down a larger opening, so that the process can start reducing the intake flow resistance and reduce the consumption of suction power, while can also be more fresh charge into the charge volume. When the piston in the intake stroke to run to the next stop point, the flow inertia, the amount of fresh charge can continue to charge into the cylinder, so that the intake valve after the delay off the next stop point.
Exhaust valve has opened in advance of the next stop point, that is part of expansion began after the exhaust stroke, which is to take advantage of high gas pressure inside the cylinder, so that exhaust gas outflow cylinder automatic, so that the Pistons ended up dead from the point of the next campaign gas pressure inside the cylinder when the lower, to reduce emissions squeezed out of the cylinder piston to the power consumed. Exhaust valve closed after the top dead aim is to use the inertia of the exhaust flow, so that ruled out residual gas inside the cylinder is even more clean.
Engine performance including dynamic performance and economic performance. Dynamic performance is the issue of internal combustion engine power (torque), said internal combustion engine in the amount of energy conversion in the size of the parameters of dynamic performance marks a torque and power. Economic performance is the power to issue a certain number of the fuel consumption, said the merits of energy conversion in the quality, marking the parameters of economic performance thermal efficiency and fuel consumption.
The future development of internal combustion engine will focus on improving the combustion process and improve mechanical efficiency, reduce heat loss, lower fuel consumption rate; the development and use of non-fuel petroleum products, expand fuel resources; reduce harmful exhaust components, reduce noise and vibration, reduce environmental pollution; using high-pressurized technology to further strengthen the internal combustion engine to improve the single power; development of hybrid engines, thermal insulation composite turbine engines; internal combustion engine with microprocessor control, so that the best operating conditions; strengthen the structure Strength in order to enhance reliability and life, and constantly create new internal combustion engine

liguojun108

文章比较专业，就是好多地方看不太懂！

hehuaque

没有中文的吗

爱车之人！

很长，要有中文就好了。

刘建辉

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