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Disclaimer
The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not
necessarily represent the views or policy of any other organisation















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1.0









INTRODUCTION

Maintaining correct inflation pressure in tyres helps to keep vehicle handling
and braking at its best, as well as improving fuel efficiency and tyre life. In
addition it can prevent such events as tread separations and tyre blowouts
which may cause loss of control of a vehicle and severe crashes such as
rollovers.
The Heads of Compulsory Third Party Insurance in Australia and New
Zealand (HCTP) commissioned research to review and attempt to better
quantify the role of under-inflated tyres in crash cause, injury cause and
environmental costs. The main aim of the review was to locate all the relevant
material and attempt to quantify the role of tyre factors in crashes and the
possible safety and environmental benefits from improved conformance with
recommended tyre inflation pressures.


2.0


BACKGROUND

Under-inflation of tyres affects many different types of crashes, often in subtle
or indirect ways.
Under-inflated tyres can potentially result in:-
• reduced vehicle handling
• increased braking distance
• increased likelihood of blowouts
• increased tyre wear
• increased fuel consumption
In addition to road safety consequences, under-inflated tyres are associated
with environment costs such as increased greenhouse gases associated with
lower kilometres per tyre and higher fuel consumption and disposal problems.


2.1


Sources of data

In the late 1990s the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
(NHTSA) was directed to investigate and implement a regulation requiring
vehicles to be fitted with tyre pressure monitoring system (TPMS). NHTSA
carried out extensive investigation of this issue and prepared a range of
technical reports. Relevant findings from the NHTSA research are outlined in
the following sections. We review other research findings that either support
or refute the NHTSA work.
In the United Kingdom a major review of tyre safety issues was undertaken by
John Bullas for the AA Foundation. We have been in contact with Mr Bullas
and have included his advice and relevant extracts from that study in our
report.
The Society of Automotive Engineers has published numerous papers on tyre
safety. Relevant papers were acquired and reviewed. One paper that was due
to be published later in 2007 was titled "Effect of inflation pressure on tire
cornering stiffness and vehicle handling characteristics". We contacted the




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author, Dr Dan Metz who advised that the paper had been withdrawn but he
was prepared to describe the key findings to us (see a later section).
A request for information on this subject was circulated on an informal email
list - the Road Transport Technology Forum - that reaches about 280 vehicle
engineering experts around the world. Mr Bullas was one of the respondents,
along with an expert on ABS brakes and electronic stability control.
We also contacted Prof Pete Thomas from Loughborough University in the
United Kingdom. He provided some advice about his research on Electronic
Stability Control (ESC).


2.2


Definition of under-inflated tyres

Under the Australian Design Rules vehicle manufacturers must fit a Tyre and
Rim Placard in a prominent place. The placard must list, as a minimum, the
recommended tyre inflation pressures for a "normal" vehicle load.
There is no universal definition of what constitutes an "under-inflated tyre".
The US Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 138 requires a warning if tyres
are under-inflated by more than 25%. Based on this FMVSS requirement, we
regard a severely under-inflated tyres as 50 kilopascals (kPa) or more below
the recommended pressure. For reference, 1 psi = 6.9kPa so this equates to
7.2psi. The US FMSS Standard is described in more detail in the following
section.
We regard moderate under-inflation as in the range 20-49kPa under the
recommended pressure.





































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3.0









ESTIMATED INFLUENCE OF UNDER-INFLATED TYRES ON ROAD

ACCIDENTS
In order to evaluate the potential reduction in road accidents from measures
to reduce the incidence of under-inflated tyres it is necessary to analyse a
breakdown of these accidents by contributing factors and by the injury
outcomes of these crashes.
Accident statistics reported by State Road Authorities, the Australian
Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) and the Australian Bureau of Statistics
(ABS) are generally based on police accident reports. The level, details and
quality of coding varies considerably between the states and territories
(Hutchinson 2004). There are notable differences between police-reported
statistics and those collected by Compulsory Third Party insurance schemes
(McColl 2003). Furthermore no consolidated data about the full range of
Australian road accidents appears to be available.
We have therefore combined road accident information from a wide range of
sources. Due to the uncertainties about the quality of the police-reported data
and the assumptions made for extrapolating data, the following analysis
should be regarded as indicative only.


3.1


Tyre defects

In the three years from 2003-2005 tyre defects accounted for 50% of light
vehicle crashes where a vehicle defect was identified as a likely factor in NSW
(Table 1). However, the 755 crashes represent less than 1% of all reported
light vehicle crashes in this period.
Table 1. Light vehicle crashes where a vehicle defect was a factor












It is known that police reports under-estimate most types of vehicle factors in
crashes (Paine 2000). However the 1% value is consistent with the findings of
in-depth studies in NSW during the 1970s and it appears that the police pay
greater attention to tyres defects than other types of defect. Most "tyre
defects" would likely be tyres with insufficient tread depth or tyre failures. The
overall influence of tyre failures directly related to under-inflation is therefore
expected to be less than 1%.

3.2 Road crashes in Australia
Table 2 summarises data combined from statistics published by ATSB, ABS
and state road authorities.
The following assumptions were made:

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免责声明：本报告中所表述的观点仅代表作者的观点，并不一定代表任何其他组织的观点或政策。

介绍：

保持轮胎正确的充气压力是非常重要的。轮胎充气压力不足或过度都会对轮胎的寿命、车辆性能和安全性产生影响。正确维持轮胎充气压力可以确保车辆平稳行驶，提高燃油效率和轮胎使用寿命。因此，驾驶员应该经常检查轮胎压力，并根据车辆制造商的建议进行适当调整。