离合器工作原理翻译--我自己花了一天翻译的，希望对你们有用

aoshuang723

How Clutches Work
离合器的工作原理
If you drive a manual transmission car, you may be surprised to find out that it has more than one clutch. And it turns out that folks with automatic transmission cars have clutches, too. In fact, there are clutches in many things you probably see or use every day: Many cordless drills have a clutch, chain saws have a centrifugal clutch and even some yo-yos have a clutch.
如果你开的是一辆手动变速箱的汽车，你可能会惊讶的发现，它有多个离合器。事实证明，自动变速器的车也有离合器。实际上，很多你每天看到的和使用到的东西都有离合器：许多的无线钻机有个离合器，链式锯有离心式离合器，甚至有些溜溜球也有个离合器

In this article, you'll learn why you need a clutch, how the clutch in your car works and find out some interesting, and perhaps surprising, places where clutches can be found.
在这篇文章中，您将了解为什么你需要一个离合器，汽车离合器的工作原理以及从中找到一些乐趣，也许你会感到惊讶很多地方都会用到离合器。

Clutches are useful in devices that have two rotating shafts. In these devices, one of the shafts is typically driven by a motor or pulley, and the other shaft drives another device. In a drill, for instance, one shaft is driven by a motor and the other drives a drill chuck. The clutch connects the two shafts so that they can either be locked together and spin at the same speed, or be decoupled and spin at different speeds.
在有两根旋转轴的设备中，离合器是很有用处的。在这些设备中，一根轴通常由电动机或者皮带轮驱动，另外一根轴驱动其他设备。例如，在一个钻床里面，一根轴由电机驱动，另外一根轴驱动一个钻夹头。而离合器连接着两根轴，使电机和其他传动装置可以锁定在一起并以相同的速度旋转，或者脱钩，并以不同的速度旋转。

In a car, you need a clutch because the engine spins all the time, but the car's wheels do not. In order for¬ a car to stop without killing the engine, the wheels need to be disconnected from the engine somehow. The clutch allows us to smoothly engage a spinning engine to a non-spinning transmission by controlling the slippage between them.
一辆汽车需要一个离合器是因为发动机总是旋转着的，而汽车不是。为了让车停下来而不关掉引擎，这就需要把车轮跟发动机分离开来。离合器让我们可以平滑的分离发动机和传动装置通过控制离合器的滑移。

To understand how a clutch works, it helps to know a little bit about friction, which is a measure of how hard it is to slide one object over another. Friction is caused by the peaks and valleys that are part of every surface -- even very smooth surfaces still have microscopic peaks and valleys. The larger these peaks and valleys are, the harder it is to slide the object. You can learn more about  friction in How Brakes Work.
想要理解离合器的工作原理，需要了解一些关于摩擦的知识，摩擦是指一个物体在另一个物体上滑动的时产生的相互作用。摩擦是由物体表面部分的波峰和波谷相互作用产生（即使是非常光滑的表面仍然有微观的波峰和波谷）这些波峰跟波谷越大，物体间就越难相互滑移。在制动器的工作原理中你可以学到更多关于摩擦的知识。

A clutch works because of friction between a clutch plate and a flywheel. We'll look at how these parts work together in the next section.
离合器是通过离合器片和飞轮间的摩擦来工作的。在接下里的部分我们来看看这些部件组合在一起是如何工作的。

Fly Wheels, Clutch Plates and Friction
飞轮，离合器片和摩擦

In a car's clutch, a flywheel connects to the engine, and a clutch plate connects to the transmission. You can see what this looks like in the figure below.
一辆汽车的离合器中，飞轮连接发动机，离合器片连接传动机构，如下图所示



When your foot is off the pedal, the springs push the pressure plate against the clutch disc, which in turn presses against the flywheel. This locks the engine to the transmission input shaft, causing them to spin at the same speed.
当你的脚离开踏板时，弹簧推着压盘与离合器片接触，依次压着飞轮。这将发动机跟变速器的输入轴锁定在一起，让发动机输出轴跟变速器的输出轴以相同的速度旋转。

Photo courtesy Carolina Mustang（照片由卡罗莱纳州野马（福特汽车公司旗下一品牌车系））
Pressure plate（压力板）
The amount of force the clutch can hold depends on the friction between the clutch plate and the flywheel, and how much force the spring puts on the pressure plate. The friction force in the clutch works just like the blocks described in the friction section of How Brakes Work, except that the spring presses on the clutch plate instead of weight pressing the block into the ground.
离合器能承受的力度取决于离合器片与飞轮间的摩擦力，以及弹簧施加给压盘的力。离合器的摩擦力与制动器的工作原理中描述的摩擦力部分的阻碍意思差不多，唯一不同的是，弹簧压在离合器上取代了重量压力器压在地面上。


How a clutch engages and releases¬

When the clutch pedal is pressed, a cable or hydraulic piston pushes on the release fork, which presses the throw-out bearing against the middle of the diaphragm spring. As the middle of the diaphragm spring is pushed in, a series of pins near the outside of the spring causes the spring to pull the pressure plate away from the clutch disc (see below). This releases the clutch from the spinning engine.
当离合器踏板按下时，电缆或者液压活塞将推动离合器分离叉杆，离合器分离叉杆推着外伸的轴承贴在膜片弹簧的中间。由于膜片弹簧被推入了轴承里面，弹簧的一系列插脚使压盘从离合器片中脱离出来。这就是放开离合器踏板使之与发动机分离。

  
Photo courtesy Carolina Mustang
Clutch plate（离合器片）
Note the springs in the clutch plate. These springs help to isolate the transmission from the shock of the clutch engaging.
注意离合器片的弹簧。这些弹簧有助于传动装置免受离合器接合时的冲击

This design usually works pretty well, but it does have a few drawbacks. We'll look at common clutch problems and other uses for clutches in the following sections.
这样的设计还不错，但是还是有些缺点。接下来的章节我们将着重讨论通用离合器会出现的问题以及离合器的其他用途。

Common Problems（常见问题）
From the 1950s to the 1970s, you could count on getting between 50,000 and 70,000 miles from your car's clutch. Clutches can now last for more than 80,000 miles if you use them gently and maintain them well. If not cared for, clutches can start to break down at 35,000 miles. Trucks that are consistently overloaded or that frequently too heavy loads can also have problems with relatively new clutches.
从20世纪50年代到70年代，你只能指望你汽车离合器跑50000到70000英里。而现在只要你使用得当的话大概有80000英里的寿命。但如果爱护不佳的话，就大概只能跑35000英里。大货车如果长期超载或者频繁的过载，就算是新的离合器也会出现一些问题的。
The most common problem with clutches is that the friction material on the disc wears out. The friction material on a clutch disc is very similar to the friction material on the pads of a disc brake or the shoes of a drum brake -- after a while, it wears away. When most or all of the friction material is gone, the clutch will start to slip, and eventually it won't transmit any power from the engine to the wheels.
离合器最常见的问题是，离合器片上的摩擦材料磨损。离合器片上的摩擦材料相当于磐石制动器上的护垫上面以及鼓式制动器上的护套上面的摩擦材料。一段时间以后，上面的摩擦材料就会损耗掉。当大部分或全部摩擦材料磨损掉以后，离合器就会开始打滑，最终会导致其不能把发动机的能量传递给车轮。

The clutch only wears while the clutch disc and the flywheel are spinning（旋转） at different speeds. When they are locked together, the friction material is held tightly against the flywheel, and they spin in sync. It's only when the clutch disc is slipping against the flywheel that wearing occurs. So, if you are the type of driver who slips the clutch a lot, you'll wear out your clutch a lot faster.
离合器只有在离合器片与飞轮的旋转速度不同时才会发生磨损。当离合器片与飞轮被锁在一起时，摩擦材料跟飞轮会贴的很紧，它们是同步的旋转的。只有当离合器片贴在飞轮上滑动才会发生磨损。如果你是那种经常轻微的踩离合器的话，那么你的离合器会坏得更快。

Sometimes the problem is not with slipping, but with sticking. If your clutch won't release properly, it will continue to turn the input shaft. This can cause grinding, or completely prevent your car from going into gear. Some common reasons a clutch may stick are:
有时候问题不是轻微的踩，而是持续的踩。如果你松开离合器踏板不是很恰当的话，离合器将会继续传递扭矩给传动装置的输入轴，这将会引起磨损，甚至会阻碍到汽车换挡。离合器一些常见问题如下：

Broken or stretched clutch cable - The cable needs the right amount of tension to push and pull effectively.
离合器电缆破损或过长—电缆需要适量的松紧度来有效地推或拉

Leaky or defective slave and/or master clutch cylinders - Leaks keep the cylinders from building the necessary amount of pressure.
主离合器气缸有泄漏或破损—泄漏会使气缸没有足够的气压

Air in the hydraulic line - Air affects the hydraulics by taking up space the fluid needs to build pressure.
液压管中的空气—空气通过占用流体流动需要的压力来影响液压系统

Misadjusted linkage - When your foot hits the pedal, the linkage transmits the wrong amount of force.
失调的联动装置—当你用脚踩在离合器踏板上时，联动装置传输错误的压力

Mismatched clutch components - Not all aftermarket parts work with your clutch.
不匹配的离合器组件—不是所有的售后零部件都与你的离合器匹配


A "hard" clutch is also a common problem. All clutches require some amount of force to depress fully. If you have to press hard on the pedal, there may be something wrong. Sticking or binding in the pedal linkage, cable, cross shaft, or pivot ball are common causes. Sometimes a blockage or worn seals in the hydraulic system can also cause a hard clutch.
离合器太硬也是一个问题。所有的离合器都需要一定的力量去把它完全的压下去。如果你使劲的把离合器踏板压到底，这样也是错误的操作。在踏板联动装置中，电缆、交叉轴或者支点球被卡住或固定住也是常见的故障原因。有时候液压系统中堵塞或磨损的密封件也是引起硬离合器的原因。

Another problem associated with clutches is a worn throw-out bearing, sometimes called a clutch release bearing. This bearing applies force to the fingers of the spinning pressure plate to release the clutch. If you hear a rumbling sound when the clutch engages, you might have a problem with the throw-out bearing.
离合器相关的另外一个问题是一个破损的抛出轴承，有时候也叫做离合器释放轴承。这种轴承主要用在施加力道旋转压力盘上面来松开离合器。如果你在离合器接合的时候听到轰隆隆的声音，可能是抛出轴承出现了问题。

In the next section, we'll examine some different types of clutches and how they are used.
在下一节中，我们将研究一些不同类型的离合器和如何使用他们。

Types of Clutches

There are many other types of clutches in your car and in your garage.
    在你的车和车库里面还有很多其他类型的离合器。

An automatic transmission contains several clutches. These clutches engage and disengage various sets of planetary gears. Each clutch is put into motion using pressurized hydraulic fluid. When the pressure drops, springs cause the clutch to release. Evenly spaced ridges, called  splines, line the inside and outside of the clutch to lock into the gears and the clutch housing. You can read more about these clutches in How Automatic Transmissions Work.
一个自动变速器里面有几个离合器。这些离合器会与很多的各样的行星齿轮相连接。每个离合器都是通过增压的液压油来运动的。当压力降下来时，弹簧会让离合器松开。分布在离合器里里外外的键把齿轮与离合器壳体锁定住。你可以了解更多关于离合器的知识通过学习自动变速器工作原理。

An air conditioningcompressor in a car has an electromagnetic clutch. This allows the compressor to shut off even while the engine is running. When current flows through a magnetic coil in the clutch, the clutch engages. As soon as the current stops, such as when you turn off your air conditioning, the clutch disengages.
一辆汽车的空调压缩机里面会有一个电磁离合器。这使得压缩机可以在发动机运行的时候关掉空调。离合器里面的电磁线圈产生电流使离合器开始接合运行。一旦电流断了，比如你关掉了空调，离合器分离。

Most cars that have an engine-driven cooling fan have a thermostatically controlled viscous clutch -- the temperature of the fluid actually drives the clutch. This clutch is positioned at the hub of the fan, in the airflow coming through the radiator. This type of clutch is a lot like the viscous coupling sometimes found in all-wheel drive cars. The fluid in the clutch gets thicker as it heats up, causing the fan to spin faster to catch up with the engine rotation. When the car is cold, the fluid in the clutch remains cold and the fan spins slowly, allowing the engine to quickly warm up to its proper operating temperature.
大多数汽车都有一个被冷却风扇驱动的动力装置，还有一个恒温控制的粘性离合器，就是通过流体的温度来控制驱动离合器的。这种离合器安装在风扇的中心，热的气流会经过散热器。在四轮驱动汽车里面出现的这种类型的离合器很像粘性耦合器，当温度升高时，离合器里面的流体会越来越多，引起风扇转得越来越快跟上发动机的旋转。当汽车冷却时，离合器液保持冷却状态而风扇也缓慢转动，让发动机能迅速升温到其正常的工作温度。
Many cars have limited slip differentials or viscous couplings, both of which use clutches to help increase traction. When your car turns, one wheel spins faster than the other, which makes the car hard to handle. The slip differential makes up for that with the help of its clutch. When one wheel spins faster than the others, the clutch engages to slow it down and match the other three. Driving over puddles of water or patches of ice can also spin your wheels. You can learn more about differentials and viscous couplings in How Differentials Work.
许多汽车都有限滑差速器或者粘性联轴器，他们都使用离合器来帮助增加牵引力。当你的汽车启动时，汽车的一个轮子转动速度比其他的要快时，这会让汽车很难去操控。差速器跟离合器联合使用会弥补这一缺陷。当一个轮子转速比别的快时，离合器联接以减慢这个轮子的转速来跟其他三个轮子转动相匹配。轮子驶过水坑或冰冻的路面时会让车轮空转。你可以通过学习差速器的工作原理来了解更多关于差速器和粘性联轴器的相关知识。
Gas-powered chain saws and weed eaters have centrifugal clutches, so that the chains or strings can stop spinning without you having to turn off the engine. These clutches work automatically through the use of centrifugal force. The input is connected to the engine crankshaft. The output can drive a chain, belt or shaft. As the rotations per minute increase, weighted arms swing out and force the clutch to engage. Centrifugal clutches are also often found in lawn mowers, go-karts, mopeds and mini-bikes. Even some yo-yos are manufactured with centrifugal clutches.
气动力驱动的链锯和割草机都会有离心式离合器，使得机器上的链条能在没有关掉发动机的情况下停止转动。这些离合器通过离心力而自动运行。离合器的输入轴跟发动机曲轴相连接，输出能够驱动机器链条、皮带或轴。当旋转速度增加力臂旋转驱动离合器连接启动。离心式离合器经常出现在割草机，卡丁车，摩托车以及轻便迷你自行车里面。甚至有些溜溜球里面也有安装离心式离合器。
Clutches are valuable and necessary to a number of applications. For more information on clutches and related topics, check out the links on the following page.
离合器作用非常重要而且在很多领域都有非常广泛的应用。

xiaoqseverloh

你弄个word吧

sumeng12

有word版的吗？

tangtangtang

太好了 正缺这个

xinoujixie

非常好，已阅读部分，留住以后慢慢读